Dual Enrollment American Government Practice Test

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• The refusal to obey an unjust law has been known as:
• What term describes the process of gaining and exercising control within a government for the purpose of setting and achieving particular goals, especially those related to the division of resources within a nation?
• Under the Articles of Confederation, there was no national judiciary. This was rectified with which article of the U.S. Constitution?
• This unique type of policy implementation allows local areas flexibility to meet specific challenges and needs. Oftentimes, this relates to healthcare or housing.
• Which of the following is not a tier of the American dual court system?
• Which of the following states does NOT belong to the group that uses caucuses to nominate candidates?
• Public opinion about American institutions is measured in which of the following, rather than in questions of choosing between positions or candidates?
• Which philosopher popularized the idea of the social contract?
• Which structure is used by Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Colorado, and Iowa to select nominees, rather than a classic primary?
• The line-item veto was declared unconstitutional after approximately how many months of use?
• The House of Representatives is determined by which process?
• The implicit agreement between a people and their government to trade some freedom for protection popularized by John Locke is called what?
• These are limitations on government power intended to protect freedoms of the people. What are they called?
• The collective name of the discriminatory laws targeting Black Americans:
• In this conflict, Southern states seceded to defend their states' rights to determine their own destinies without interference by the federal government.
• The U.S. Supreme Court was originally not based in Washington, D.C. but in which city?
• This theory argues that the president can act decisively in foreign policy more than in domestic policy, and that some presidents are more successful abroad.
• The core of the U.S. judicial system consists of __________.
• What were the main problems associated with the Articles of Confederation?
• The Wealth of Nations helped promote which economic system characterized by free markets and private property?
• If a poll reports 52% support with a margin of error +/-3 percentage points, which value is outside the possible true range?
• Which concept includes the values that give rise to objectives and the instruments used to pursue them abroad?
• Which amendment guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial?
• Which theory asserts that political power rests with multiple competing groups who share influence in government?
• Unlike the use of military power, nonmilitary tools, such as economic sanctions or propagandizing, would be considered as what sort of power on the world stage?
• Which statement best reflects the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment?
• Under the treaty process, a president negotiates an international treaty, the Senate consents to it by a _____ vote, and then the president ratifies it.
• This Amendment coupled a presidential candidate with that candidate's vice president in a unified ticket. (Before that, the second-place finisher in an election became the vice president!)
• This is both the implementation of public policy in government bureaucracies and the academic study that prepares civil servants for work in those organizations.
• What concept describes a policymaker sacrificing part of one goal to achieve another?
• Which constitutional provision authorizes the president to nominate and appoint officers and department heads, subject to Senate confirmation?
• The U.S. Court system operates on the principle of ______________, which means that decisions today are based largely on rulings from the past.
• Which statement best describes judicial restraint as an approach to policymaking?
• Which of the following is an example of an agent of political socialization?
• Which clause limits the government's ability to restrict religious practices?
• Which term describes powers Congress holds that exist by virtue of the nation's existence, not enumerated in the Constitution?
• Which statement about the presidency is accurate?
• This is the cohesive list of issues and concerns that a party puts together to campaign upon.
• After hearings on a bill are completed, which stage does it enter where it may be amended or voted upon?
• Which concept is the comprehensive plan to use all available resources to advance the national interest?
• What term describes the principle that decisions today are based largely on past rulings?
• Today, the United Nations includes all but _____ of the 195 nations of the world.
• According to Daniel Elazar, America comprises three distinct political cultures. Which of the following was not one of them?
• In The Federalist No. 84, Hamilton wrote that the Constitution was not intended to regulate which of the following?
• As of 2019, approximately what percentage of members in Congress were female?
• While distributive policy has diffuse costs and concentrated benefits, this policy features concentrated costs and diffuse benefits. For example, large corporations paying taxes for their carbon emissions equals greater air quality for all individuals.
• Which term describes a legislature with only one chamber?
• Which Supreme Court ruling eliminated campaign spending limits on corporations, allowing unlimited money into Independent Expenditure-Only Committees?
• Which clause ensures that national laws override state laws in case of a conflict?
• Which entitlement program is primarily financed through payroll taxes and provides health insurance for people 65 and older?
• To become a member of the U.S. Senate, one must have been a U.S. citizen for 9 years and be how old?
• The first U.S. presidential candidate to truly inspire college-aged voters in modern politics was whom?
• Evidence has shown that congressional elections may be increasingly driven by ________ issues.
• Under concurrent powers, which function is shared by both federal and state governments?
• The period after the Civil War when Southern states were reorganized before readmission is known as what?
• Under the concept of judicial review, courts have become the key interpreters of what document?
• What is the function of a writ of certiorari?
• Independent executive agencies report directly to the president. Which statement is true about these agencies?
• These organizations, like the U.S. Postal Service, are quasi-business enterprises that not only generate profit, but provide a vital service to the government.
• Which grant type is designed to fund specific programs with strict federal oversight?
• Which body has exactly 100 members?
• The means by which a society organizes itself and allocates authority in order to accomplish collective goals and provide benefits that the society as a whole needs. What term best describes this concept?
• Under the council-manager system, which entity carries out the daily administrative functions?
• In 2014, which category accounted for the largest share of federal budget outlays?
• The Pendleton Act created this important organization, which was charged with reducing the impact of politics on public administration and setting forth qualifications for its employees.
• There are currently ______ cabinet departments in the federal government.
• A paid streaming service such as Netflix is best described as what type of good?
• What phenomenon describes media attention that focuses on candidates who poll well early in a campaign?
• Which law passed after 9/11 expanded federal authorities to obtain search warrants more easily?
• Which phrase best describes due process?
• The idea of distributing national power among three branches to prevent tyranny is known as what?
• Originally only consisting of several departments, the bureaucracy expanded to the point that it reached __________ employees under President Johnson.
• One of the oldest and largest pieces of social welfare policy in American history. In 2014, it costed the United States about $845 billion alone!
• Which individual's philosophy is linked to advocating immediate action, sometimes including violence, to advance civil rights?
• What is the term for a legislature with two chambers?
• Which factor is cited as socializing Americans to adopt beliefs that affect their politics?
• Which president has used the presidential pardon more than any other in recent history?
• Which Supreme Court case in 1954 overturned the 'separate but equal' doctrine and promoted school integration?
• How long do members of the U.S. Supreme Court typically serve?
• Which term is primarily about pursuing a nation's goals abroad?
• The U.S. president is allowed to carry out military operations on foreign soil for ______ days before Congress must act.
• Which document explicitly declares that individuals possess unalienable rights including Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness?
• Which representation model best describes voting to reflect constituents' wishes rather than the representative's own judgment?
• In a unique scenario, this president dealt with divided government in that his party controlled the executive branch and the other party controlled Congress. He actually scored more successes working with the opposition party than with his own.
• Those who align with which perspective see the government as a mechanism for addressing issues that matter to the unique citizen?
• According to a 2014 OMB analysis, what was the largest singular spending category in the federal budget?
• What does the term 'war chest' refer to in political campaigns?
• These are federal laws and regulations imposed on the state and local governments without full compensation for the administrative costs they incur.
• Which polling method generates phone numbers with desired area codes without targeting specific numbers?
• One means of bypassing Congress that the president can use is a type of directive that can be enforced unless courts intervene.
• The impasse over how enslaved individuals were to be represented in the new system of governance was solved through this plan, in which 60% of the enslaved population was to be counted for purposes of Congressional apportionment.
• According to the text, which of these is not a challenge in American foreign policy?
• The Motor Voter Act is formally known as which federal law?
• Which term describes the idea of coordinating all resources to pursue a nation's goals abroad?
• Which amendment provides protection against unreasonable searches and seizures?
• Which amendment was the only one ratified using the state ratifying method?
• The political practice specified in the U.S. Constitution in which powers are divided between two relatively autonomous levels of government—the state and federal governments.
• Which amendment guarantees the right to a jury in civil cases?
• The ________ is the platform from which the president can push his agenda directly to the public and circumnavigate the media.
• The belief that everyone is deserving of God-given rights to life, liberty, and property.
• Which of the following was NOT a result of the Pendleton Act?
• This is the foremost international organization in the world today.
• The Fourth through Eighth Amendments broadly protect people suspected or accused of crime or facing civil litigation. Which set of amendments is that?
• The best-known form of governmental privatization includes which of these?
• Which of these is not a specific stage of the policy process?
• Which term best describes the president’s ability to influence public opinion by addressing the public directly from a platform?
• What form of segregation persists despite laws banning segregation, arising from personal choice and private actions?
• What percentage of local government revenue is derived from taxes?
• This early pseudo-political party was categorized by its support of strong government and national currency.
• What are the core standing committees in Congress that exist in both houses, including Agriculture, Appropriations, Ethics, Intelligence, and Education called?
• These types of positions are closely regulated by Congress through the Office of Personnel Management to ensure they are filled in a fair way and that the best applicant gets the job.
• Presidential nominees for the federal judiciary typically reflect the chief executive's what?
• Which event demonstrated the need for a stronger central government, contributing to the drafting of a new constitution?
• Which Supreme Court decision declared same-sex marriage a constitutional right?
• Which congressional act restricted the amount of money given to political parties, aiming to curtail influence from interest groups?
• The bicameral system requires the 435-member House and 100-member Senate to pass ________________ bills.
• The rallying of women to secure the right to vote, as in the Nineteenth Amendment, is an example of what?
• What term describes a form of government in which citizens elect representatives to govern on their behalf?
• What is the president's power to prevent passage of legislation?
• Which term describes the distribution of power between national and state governments?
• Without the Electoral College, candidates would focus only on the most populous areas of the country.
• Which concept is defined as the collective understanding of a state's foreign aims?
• This type of law criminalizes an act retroactively, and is not allowed under the Bill of Rights.
• By 2014, the average cost of running a campaign in the House costed over how much?
• Which practice was historically used in some states to exclude Black Americans from voting by testing reading comprehension and understanding?
• This type of federalism, in which the state and national governments exercise exclusive jurisdiction in their own spheres, is best described as a layered cake, while the paired form is described as a marbled cake.
• Civil rights are guarantees that government officials will treat people equally and decisions will be based on merit rather than personal characteristics.
• What term refers to the collective understanding of the goals that a state's officials seek to attain abroad?
• Multiple foreign policy agencies come together to form the president's ___________.
• The easiest form of government for citizens to interact with is their ______ government.
• Under which system are the city council members elected by voters, and the council appoints a city manager to carry out the administrative functions?
• Which theory holds that political power rests with competing interest groups who share influence in government?
• Which amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures?
• Most citizens have opinions on policies. However, there are those who actively work to propose or maintain public policy. Typically, these can revolve around social issues like gay rights, abortion, gun control, or other contentious issues. These few individuals are known as what?
• This amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the poll tax.
• In a local government system where the mayor is often ceremonial and a professional administrator runs the city, which system is this?
• Which case established the doctrine of 'separate but equal' prior to Brown?
• Which form of speech includes actions like wearing a political armband or raising a fist in the air?
• To grant municipalities some degree of autonomy, states implement which principle?
• What is a concurring opinion?
• Judicial restraint is best described as which approach to policymaking?
• These funding opportunities involve the transfer of federal money to state and local governments and do not have to be repaid. They are designed to support the activities of the recipient governments and encourage them to pursue federal policy objectives.
• The economic system in which wealth and assets are owned by the government and not by the citizenry.
• The most visible (and arguably least powerful) member of a president's advisory group is the ...
• Which of these is a benefit of Medicare?
• This rule argues that state actions trump local government and that cities exist only at the pleasure of the state. Which rule is this?
• Which major civil rights legislation was enacted in 1964 prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin?
• Which term describes the shared beliefs, values, and norms that shape a society's political life?
• Which type of conservatism emphasizes the authority of the monarchy and the church?
• Shays' Rebellion highlighted weaknesses of the national government because it could not mobilize what?
• Which term describes the set of beliefs about the role of government in the economy and society that a person holds?
• Which plan determined how enslaved people would be counted for representation?
• Public policy deals with issues of concern to a large segment of society, as opposed to matters of interest only to a small segment of society.
• What term describes political spending by groups that do not have to disclose their donors?
• This is the act of charging a government official with serious wrongdoing. No president has been removed from office through trial brought about by this process.
• What is the term for a primary in which only registered members of the party may vote?
• Which publication did Alexander Hamilton discuss the importance of an independent judiciary?
• Which of these powers is shared by both the state and federal governments?
• Which term describes the government's power to take private property for public use with compensation?
• The First Amendment protects this right, along with others.
• Under this type of scrutiny, the burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate that there is a compelling governmental interest in treating people of one group differently to another group.
• What term describes the value created by social networks and mutual support that benefits a community?
• These individuals tend to feel very comfortable with the idea of the government shepherding progressive social and economic reforms, believing that these will lead to outcomes more equitable and fair for all members of society.
• Double Jeopardy is a protection under which amendment?
• Before the Twelfth Amendment, who typically became the vice president?
• Which term describes organized participation that influences public policy through activities such as voting or protests?
• Due to campaign contribution limits, individuals may contribute a maximum of ________ per candidate per election.
• Which agency provides Congress with auditing, evaluation, and investigative services to support oversight?
• Which term describes government organizations that operate with some market-like characteristics and may generate profits to support their services?
• Which concept encompasses both the objectives overseas and the means used to achieve them?
• At the federal level, which entity nominates a candidate to a judgeship or justice position?
• Which constitutional clause authorizes Congress to make laws necessary and proper for carrying out its duties?
• The president's budget department is known as the ______ and prepares the executive budget proposal during the federal fiscal year.
• In Miranda v. Arizona, what was the decision margin?
• Which statement accurately describes the organization of the U.S. judiciary?
• Which organization was founded in 1909 as a rallying point for securing equality for African Americans?
• The ________ system in America is developed through binding judicial decisions and has its roots in the British tradition.
• The belief that one’s vote is unlikely to affect the outcome and that the election is not competitive is known as what?
• The President of the Senate is:
• Which of the following is an example of an agent of political socialization?
• What is the legal standard called that allows discriminatory laws if they are rationally related to a legitimate government interest?
• The goal of a policy analyst isn't to encourage the implementation of policy, but rather to what?
• A president's powers can be divided into two categories: direct actions the chief executive can take through formal use of powers and _______.
• This branch of government is empowered to apply oversight of the federal bureaucracy because of its power to control funding, among other factors.
• Covert content is political information provided under the pretense that it is neutral. Which of the following would not be an example of covert content?
• Which field studies how policies are implemented by government bureaucracies and prepares civil servants?
• While the president may be the lead representative in America\'s foreign policy, Congress also has important functions relating this the international stage. Which of these is a committee dealing with Congressional oversight of foreign policy?
• Potter Stewart described pornography as 'I know it when I see it' in questioning whether something was classified as ____________.
• The non-elected officials who implement laws and policies across government are collectively known as what?
• Which concept asserts that some presidents are more successful in foreign policy than in domestic policy?
• This seminal Supreme Court case dealt with the controversy over whether closely held businesses could refuse to provide employees access to emergency contraception or birth control based on owners' religious beliefs.
• Which policy area includes Social Security as one of its oldest and largest programs?
• Which presidential power expansion is most associated with the early growth of executive power, particularly under James K. Polk?
• After World War I, President Wilson and others attempted to form this important international organization. It dissolved due to lack of effectiveness.
• Who presides over the Senate in the absence of the Vice President?
• What is the primary role of the Congressional Budget Office?
• Which of the following is an example of civic engagement?
• The decentralization of power from the national government to subnational units is called what?
• Under this system of representation, the representative identifies the views of their constituents and then votes according to those views. What model of representation does this describe?
• The first American document to detail the office of President of the United States was:
• Which statement best describes how a bill becomes law with respect to identical bills?
• Which concept protects individuals from government intrusion into personal life, especially in the home, though not explicitly listed in the Constitution?
• In The Federalist No. 78, Hamilton argued the judiciary should be what?
• Which of the following is NOT an example of an independent executive agency?
• How many district courts exist across the United States?
• This is the desire most people possess in varying degrees that drives us to seek fulfillment through doing good and contributing in an altruistic manner.
• Any powers not expressly granted to the national government are to be exercised by the states. These powers are known as what?
• Which case dealt with the authority to charter a national bank and whether states could tax federal property?
• On the economic spectrum, the opposite of a command economy is often described as a laissez-faire economy. Which option list reflects that description?
• The most common form of county government is the _____ system, where an elected body serves as the governing body and handles all legislative and executive functions.
• Which term refers to the comprehensive plan that uses all available resources to advance the national interest?
• What term refers to closely held ideas that support our values and expectations about life and politics?
• Which Amendment created a unified ticket for president and vice president?
• Which amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment?
• Which group is described as the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch who advise the president?
• This is the establishment and maintenance of a formal relationship between countries that governs their interactions on matters as diverse as tourism to the taxation of goods they trade.
• Which modern platform has been used by President Obama and President Trump to push their agendas directly to the public?
• Which Supreme Court case struck down the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, signaling limits to federal authority?
• Which document is the oldest and shortest written constitution still in use?
• The U.S. Constitution detailed several requirements of Congress, including which of the following?
• Over the last twenty-five years, the difference between Democrats and Republicans on the role of government has grown to about what percentage?
• This is the broad strategy government uses to do its job. More formally, it is the relatively stable set of purposive governmental actions that address matters of concern to some part of society.
• Social welfare policy has created a __________, which helps members of society who are suffering economic hardship through no fault of their own.
• In polling, what term describes how far the results may be from the actual opinion of the total population?
• Which concept includes the values that give rise to those objectives, and the means or instruments used to pursue them abroad?
• The overwhelming portion of the government's education money is spent on which of the following?
• Which policy coordination body advises the president on national security and foreign policy?
• The political system in which people tend to govern themselves as opposed to being governed by a singular ruler.
• Hard power refers to the use of which tool in foreign policy?
• Which policy type is characterized by imposing costs on a targeted group and providing diffuse benefits to the public at large?
• Which branch enacts federal grants to states?
• Has any U.S. president been removed from office through impeachment?
• Which act prohibits bureaucrats from actively engaging in political campaigns and from using their federal authority to influence the outcomes of nominations and elections?
• What is the term for powers Congress holds by virtue of the nation's existence, not explicitly enumerated?
• What is the common nickname for the National Voter Registration Act of 1993?
• The __________ consists of members from the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, as well as a chairman and vice chairman.
• The period after the Civil War when state governments were reorganized before readmission to the Union is known as what?
• Which term describes the practice of securing local earmarks for district projects included in federal bills?
• Which act prohibited state laws that denied voting rights based on race, protecting minority voters?
• An individual supporting a candidate due to a strong feeling regarding abortion rights in America would be an example of what?
• In a political party, which body is primarily responsible for coordinating national campaign activities and fundraising?
• What are the federal district courts across the United States primarily described as?
• Which type of goods are non-excludable and non-rivalrous and often provided for the population, such as national defense?
• What term describes the government's power to take private property for public use with just compensation?
• Up until the presidency of which individual could the president serve more than two full terms, later rectified by the Twenty-Second Amendment?
• The classic model of bureaucracy is the __________, in which agencies are apolitical, hierarchically organized, and governed by formal procedures.
• Naturally, the growth of presidential power is complementary to the growth of ______________________, according to the text.
• Which civil rights organization was formed in 1909 to work toward securing equality?
• The decentralization of power toward subnational units of government from the national level is known as what?
• What activity are the district courts primarily responsible for?
• Under this system, citizens' lives are completely controlled and there is little to no room for political dissent or opposition. Which system best fits this description?
• Under which theoretical system is there common ownership of all property and the means of production?
• Since the late 1990s, states asserted immigration oversight under immigration federalism; it was determined that the federal government had supremacy on immigration in a 2012 Supreme Court decision.
• This is the situation in which individuals exhaust a common resources by acting in their own immediate self-interest. For example, if everyone fishes in a lake every day, there will eventually be no fish in that lake.
• The Twenty-Second Amendment establishes a two-term limit for presidents in response to the tenure of which president?
• Which term describes a system in which citizens vote directly on laws?
• Which of these is not a main goal of U.S. foreign policy?
• Which term describes spending that is mandated by law and not subject to annual appropriations?
• Which level of government bears the cost burden under unfunded mandates?
• Which of the following is NOT typically considered a source of political socialization?
• Which term refers to the overall plan that uses diplomatic, economic, and military resources to pursue national interests?
• Which plan advocated representation by population in the lower house?
• In the treaty process, after the president negotiates and the Senate consents, who ratifies the treaty?
• Which organization includes almost all nations today and aims to promote international cooperation and peace?
• Which term covers both the objectives pursued abroad and the instruments used to pursue them?
• Which plan counted enslaved people as part of apportionment for representation?
• Approximately what portion of voters make decisions using their political party identification when information about candidates is scarce?
• Which concept explains how networks and norms enable collective action and cooperation in a community?
• Under the Articles of Confederation, which entity held the primary sovereignty?
• This entitlement policy requires beneficiaries to fall within a particular income category and provides to them a comprehensive set of health benefits.
• The Executive Branch of the government is found in which Article of the U.S. Constitution?
• Which term describes the bureaucracy described as apolitical, hierarchical, and governed by formal procedures?
• Which communication method was used by President Roosevelt to reach the public, often cited as an early example of the bully pulpit?
• According to the textbook, federalism is meritorious in that it: Promotes policy innovation and political participation and accommodates diversity of opinion.
• Which Amendment guaranteed the rights of freed slaves to equal standing with white individuals?
• Which post-World War I organization dissolved after failing to prevent future conflicts?
• The first document of governance established by the newly-free American people was the ____________.
• Which 1896 Supreme Court decision upheld the 'separate but equal' doctrine?
• Under which model of representation does a representative believe he or she is entrusted by constituents to use good judgment on their behalf?
• What is the process by which people are trained to understand and join a country's political world, starting in childhood?
• Which pair correctly distinguishes types of goods, where the first are provided by individuals for personal use and profit, and the second serve the broader population?
• Congress has tried to reduce policy analysis bias in the Legislative Branch by creating this nonpartisan organization.
• The right to keep and bear arms is protected by which amendment?
• Privatization often involves which action?
• Civil rights primarily concern which of the following?
• Which political role has been used to advance agendas such as drug abuse prevention and physical fitness?
• Which term describes the use of policy tools like diplomacy or economic engagement to influence other nations without relying on force?
• One cornerstone of political thought in the United States is:
• Which type of poll uses a limited number of respondents drawn so that every person in the population has an equal chance of being selected?
• In the county form described, the governing body is an elected body of commissioners.
• The purpose of the U.S. courts system is to protect individual rights against societal and governmental oppression and protect the sanctity of ________ from breaches by the other branches of government.
• Which policy, aimed at addressing historical inequities, permits preferential treatment to historically disadvantaged groups?
• A ________________ is a request that the lower court send up its record of a case for review. Once this has been granted, the case is scheduled on the Supreme Court's docket.
• Which political theory explains why the 2016 election outcome diverged from polling predictions in some analyses?
• Mandatory spending accommodates approximately what percentage of all federal expenditures?
• Which right is protected by the Fifth Amendment?
• The Supreme Court has ruled in favor of many issues involving the individual, despite there not be unanimous or even majority agreement among the citizens. The most recent example of this would be, according to the text:
• Which form of voter registration has been met with concerns about voter fraud and security?
• The phrase "All politics is ________" emphasizes the importance of local concerns. Which word completes the phrase?
• Over the last twenty-five years, the difference between Democrats and Republicans on the role of government has grown to about what percentage?
• Which concept is designed to guard against tyranny by dividing government power among three branches?
• The greatest percentage of people living below the poverty line in the United States are found in which region?
• This constitutional provision gives the president the power to appoint officers and department heads.
• Which court decision overturned Plessy v Ferguson by ruling that segregated public schools are unconstitutional?
• This is the collection of popular views about something, perhaps a person, a local or national event, or a new idea.
• Which plan created our current two-chamber system with the Senate and House, upper chamber equal representation and lower by population?
• This branch has the ability to pass laws and impeach the president.
• Which concept describes the shared values and norms shaping a state's political life?
• Which document contains the assertion that all men are created equal and endowed with unalienable rights such as Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness?
• After the Supreme Court ruling, corporations are permitted to place unlimited money into which type of political committees?
• The smallest subsection when calculating voter turnout is which of the following?
• In a poll with 40% support and a margin of error of +/-4, which range could be the true support?
• Which statement is not indicative of the Lemon Test used to evaluate government action regarding religion?
• Primaries tend to offer tests of candidates' popular appeal, while caucuses testify to their ability to ________.
• America is unique in that, just as laws vary across the states, so do judicial rulings and interpretations of those laws. A great example of this is described in the textbook and shows the vast differences in ________ regulation across the United States.
• This is the administrative group of non-elected officials charged with carrying out functions connected to a series of policies and programs.
• Which act of symbolic speech has been historically one of the most controversial in the United States?
• This is the effect in which presidential popularity spikes during international crises.
• Which term is another name for the clause that authorizes Congress to pass laws needed to carry out its enumerated powers?
• Which term best describes a policy that aims to benefit a broad group of people by providing subsidies or transfers?
• Which term is primarily about the goals officials seek to attain abroad?
• According to the textbook, federalism is meritorious in that it: Promotes policy innovation and political participation and accommodates diversity of opinion.
• The agency that performs audits and investigations to support Congress is known as what?
• Which registration option allows same-day voter registration in some states?
• Which term describes policies intended to address discrimination by providing opportunities to historically marginalized groups?
• Which amendment is described as among the shortest and includes the phrase about a well-regulated Militia and the right to keep and bear Arms?
• The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in which area?
• Which author wrote The Wealth of Nations?
• When candidates move from one office to another and are allowed to keep earlier donations for future campaigns, the money they accumulate is described as their ________.
• Which concept is the comprehensive plan to use all available resources to advance the national interest?
• Which institution is the most criticized by the public, but also the most misunderstood?
• To help citizens balance school, work, and childcare during elections, many states have instituted which option?
• Which category of powers is shared by both federal and state governments, including taxing and establishing courts?
• In May 1775, delegates formed which congress where they drafted a Declaration of Causes explaining the colonies' rebellion?
• This special veto, declared unconstitutional after 16 months, allowed a president to nullify certain lines of spending within a bill but leave others.
• According to a 2018 survey, almost what percentage of American adults participated in some type of political action in the past five years?
• Which of the following was not one of Woodrow Wilson's three key means for separating politics from administration?
• Which political system is defined as government by the people, either directly or through elected representatives?
• Which of the following is NOT typically listed as one of the five structural characteristics of federal systems?
• Congress's attempt to reassert itself into war-making policy came in the form of which bill?
• Generally speaking, to be eligible to register to vote in the United States, a person must be a citizen, resident, and ________ years old.
• Which of the following is not an example of a leading question?
• Which term refers to money given directly to candidates that is subject to legal limits?
• This modern political ideology deals with the aggressive use or threat of hard power in foreign affairs.
• Which amendment prohibited poll taxes, a tactic used to suppress African American voting in some states?
• What term describes a policy that restricts imports through tariffs and quotas?
• The most visible position in the U.S. government is _____________?
• Which right is explicitly listed in the First Amendment?
• In addition to cabinet departments, independent executive agencies report directly to the president. Which of these is not an example of an independent executive agency?
• What were the most effective tools used to disenfranchise black voters?
• President Washington favored a foreign policy stance and warned against entangling alliances in his farewell address. Which stance is this?
• Which chamber is known for originating revenue-raising bills?
• The ________ is an established group of advisers that helps the president administer his duties, consisting of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch.
• In which economic system does the government own major industries and plan the economy?
• Which civil rights leader is most famous for advocating violence as a tactic to achieve goals?
• Which statement about the Hatch Act is true?
• When candidates run for office, they are most likely to seek which offices first?
• Before ratification of the U.S. Constitution, the power of the state governments ______ that held by the national government.
• The clause 'No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned... or in any way destroyed... except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the laws of the land' can be found in what substantive document?
• Low national voter turnout in the United States is explained by which of the following?
• Which of the following is a relatively consistent predictor of a person’s likelihood to vote?
• What term describes the concept that states assert immigration oversight within federal supremacy?
• Which statement about the makeup of the Supreme Court is true?
• The ________ advantage is when elected officials who currently hold office are able to raise more money than their challengers and win reelection.
• Which term describes misreporting of support due to social desirability bias, contributing to poll inaccuracies in elections involving racial dynamics?
• Which colonial act required revenue stamps on legal documents and newspapers?
• Which of the following is not listed as a predictor of voting likelihood in the material?
• The most famous foreign policy emergency in America came during the Cuban Missile Crisis, in which the Soviet Union enacted threatening action on American soil.
• In the traditional 'Layered Cake' model, powers are allocated such that states and national government exercise exclusive jurisdictions in their own spheres. What is this arrangement called?
• ________ is when states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations.
• How many presidents have faced impeachment as of the text (including Donald Trump)?
• Which term describes the invisible barrier that prevents women from advancing to the highest levels of organizations?
• According to the text, which industry receives one of the largest portions of governmental aid?
• The Principality of Liechtenstein is headed by a prince who makes many government decisions, though is supported by a Parliament. How would this system be categorized?
• The current makeup of the U.S. Supreme Court is:
• The city-states of Ancient Greece, such as Athens, exemplified which form of governance where citizens vote on laws directly?
• Which of the following is not an example of a leading question?
• Which chamber of Congress must maintain a broader statewide appeal due to representing entire states?
• Which landmark case established the requirement for warnings and rights waiver before custodial interrogation?
• Cooperative federalism attributes: One of the last attributes was a nationalization of political activism and which of the following?
• Which act requires the Congressional Budget Office to provide cost information about proposed government orders that exceed a specified threshold before Congress can consider the bill?
• Which institution is central to lawmaking but is typically described as the most criticized and misunderstood?
• Each state has how many senators?
• The quote 'nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law' appears in which amendment?
• Home rule primarily empowers municipalities to do which of the following?
• These individuals believe that government almost always operates less efficiently than the private sector and that government actions should be kept to a minimum.
• The shorter the interval between elections, the lower the turnout. This phenomenon is known as?
• Under this market system, supply and demand are influenced by the people without any government involvement.
• Which form of governance is described as a union of states with a weak central authority?
• A state that values tradition and bases laws on longstanding beliefs is an example of which concept?
• Which of these was not an original bureaucratic department created under President Washington?
• Which term best describes the process of gaining and exercising control within a government to set and achieve goals?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of the U.S. courts?
• Which chamber of Congress is commonly described as the more deliberative body that represents states equally?
• What is the primary purpose of political action committees?
• How often is the Census conducted for apportionment?
• The Cuban Missile Crisis involved missiles placed in which country?
• Which term describes the unfettered movement of goods and services across borders?
• Which Supreme Court case promoted new federalism by limiting Congress's power and striking down a federal statute?
• Which policy prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in educational programs, dormitories, and sports at institutions that receive federal funds?
• Which term describes the idea that a country should employ all available diplomatic, economic, and military resources to advance the national interest?
• What does the term red tape refer to in public administration?
• Which form of governance has independent states joining together for defense with a weak central government?
• Which term describes the invisible barrier to advancement for women in the workplace?
• The idea that individuals acting in their own self-interest can deplete a shared resource is known as the
• Which act was the first tax on the American colonies that required revenue stamps on paper goods?
• When it comes to voting, most Americans tend to classify themselves as what?
• What term describes the tendency to support one political party over the other, sometimes without understanding positions?
• Who is typically the lead representative in America\'s foreign policy?
• What term describes organized efforts by citizens to exercise voting rights and influence policy, such as campaigns for suffrage?
• For most people, which is the first source of politics?
• Which constitutional clause states that federal laws supersede state laws when in conflict?
• These are organizations created to raise and spend money to influence politics and contribute to candidates' campaigns.
• Early on, party politics saw political patronage doled out on the basis of party loyalty. This was known as what?
• Which amendment addresses the powers not delegated to the United States nor prohibited to the States?
• Bottom-up implementation is often associated with which policy areas?
• Which policy type reallocates resources to reduce inequality by shifting benefits or burdens among the population?
• This is the amount by which expenditures are greater than revenues when it comes to the federal budget.
• Which term is defined as the collective understanding of goals officials seek abroad, including the values and means to pursue them?